the work of Christ in the light of this treatise.”14 The satisfaction theory virtually replaced the ransom theory in Roman Catholic theology because of Anselm. Furthermore, during the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century, John Calvin presented a completely biblical version of Anselm’s model that has come to be called the penal substitution theory of the atonement. In many ways it is simply an updated version of Anselm’s theory stripped of feudal imagery. Many critics have dissented from